1 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:09,800 So in this film, we're going 2 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:12,040 to look at silver soldering 3 00:00:12,040 --> 00:00:16,480 and we're going to use silver solder, 4 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:19,180 some flux and we're going to solder up 5 00:00:19,180 --> 00:00:22,660 our little copper practice pieces. 6 00:00:22,660 --> 00:00:24,520 We're going to use this silver solder 7 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:26,780 and really they are 8 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,660 sort of strips of silver, 9 00:00:29,660 --> 00:00:31,280 but they have a little additive, 10 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:33,500 just a little bit of zinc, 11 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:35,900 which reduces the melting 12 00:00:35,900 --> 00:00:37,940 temperature of the metal 13 00:00:37,940 --> 00:00:42,020 so that you can join two pieces together 14 00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:45,080 by just melting the contact surfaces 15 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:47,120 for a split second, 16 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:49,180 and they fuze together, 17 00:00:49,180 --> 00:00:51,720 so it becomes one piece. 18 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,760 It's not like a glue at all. 19 00:00:55,760 --> 00:00:57,280 The metals merge together 20 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,800 and becomes one piece. 21 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:00,340 The reason for the 22 00:01:00,340 --> 00:01:02,240 two different strips is once 23 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:04,540 this is called hard silver solder 24 00:01:04,540 --> 00:01:06,840 and it's got a melting temperature 25 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:08,360 of about 170 degrees. 26 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:11,040 And this is called easy silver solder 27 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:13,880 and it melts at about 680 degrees. 28 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:15,100 The reason for that 29 00:01:15,100 --> 00:01:16,540 is that if you are doing 30 00:01:16,540 --> 00:01:19,000 multiple soldering joints, 31 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:20,780 then you could start off with the hard, 32 00:01:20,780 --> 00:01:23,360 the high melting temperature 33 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:24,520 and 34 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:28,280 and do subsequent soldering joints 35 00:01:28,280 --> 00:01:30,100 with the easy silver 36 00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:31,180 so that the whole thing 37 00:01:31,180 --> 00:01:32,540 doesn't fall to pieces 38 00:01:32,540 --> 00:01:35,060 while you are soldering. 39 00:01:35,060 --> 00:01:37,900 We generally use the hard 40 00:01:37,900 --> 00:01:40,100 silver solder, mostly 41 00:01:40,100 --> 00:01:44,780 because it matches the silver color better 42 00:01:44,780 --> 00:01:46,900 so you can get an invisible join. 43 00:01:46,900 --> 00:01:51,580 We're going to prepare the metal for soldering 44 00:01:51,580 --> 00:01:55,340 so that really there's two main rules for soldering. 45 00:01:55,340 --> 00:01:56,680 The first rule is that it's 46 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:59,780 got to be a really good join, no gaps, 47 00:01:59,780 --> 00:02:04,000 and it's got to sit nicely together 48 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,260 if you're trying to force things together. 49 00:02:06,260 --> 00:02:08,440 It tends not to work very well. 50 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:10,520 What we've got is a very simple, 51 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:12,240 flat piece of metal 52 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:15,100 and a bit of curved wall 53 00:02:15,100 --> 00:02:16,940 that we're going to solder together. 54 00:02:16,940 --> 00:02:18,880 So the second rule is that it's 55 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,180 got to be a really good clean surface. 56 00:02:22,180 --> 00:02:24,160 And the edge of this little wall 57 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:25,220 that we're going to solder 58 00:02:25,220 --> 00:02:27,320 on is quite easy to clean. 59 00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:29,720 And we use a file 60 00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:33,500 just to brighten up this edge, 61 00:02:33,500 --> 00:02:35,080 and it also makes it 62 00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:39,320 so it's nice and flat. 63 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:41,380 And with big files like this, 64 00:02:41,380 --> 00:02:42,920 you always push them. 65 00:02:42,920 --> 00:02:44,040 They cut on the push, 66 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:45,020 if you go backwards 67 00:02:45,020 --> 00:02:47,200 and forwards is going to gum up the file, 68 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:50,380 so just always push 69 00:02:50,380 --> 00:02:51,400 with the file. 70 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:52,600 And in our case, 71 00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:57,100 we want a nice, clean surface 72 00:02:57,100 --> 00:02:59,320 and now it sits on there 73 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:00,480 and we can't see 74 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:02,380 any daylight going through. 75 00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:06,380 So it's ready for the next process. 76 00:03:06,380 --> 00:03:07,360 The next step, we've 77 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:09,800 got to clean this bit of metal. 78 00:03:09,800 --> 00:03:10,820 We could file it, 79 00:03:10,820 --> 00:03:12,600 but we might have a nice texture 80 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:14,500 or some sort of detail 81 00:03:14,500 --> 00:03:17,320 that we didn't want to mark. 82 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,780 So we're going to use 83 00:03:19,780 --> 00:03:22,300 toothbrushes and 84 00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:25,360 pumice powder, and you can see 85 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:27,160 by running the water over it 86 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:29,020 that there's so much grease 87 00:03:29,020 --> 00:03:30,740 on the surface of the metal 88 00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,080 that the water won't stick to it. 89 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,800 We're going to 90 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:37,900 wet our 91 00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:39,160 little toothbrush and 92 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:41,280 just dip it into this pumice powder 93 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:42,620 and pumice powder. 94 00:03:42,620 --> 00:03:47,600 Pumice is a thing that you use in 95 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:49,160 getting rid of hard skin and things, 96 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:51,080 but it's in powdered form. 97 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:54,100 So it's a fine, abrasive powder 98 00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:57,040 and it's great for cutting through 99 00:03:57,040 --> 00:03:58,880 grease and dirt, 100 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:01,460 and we just hold it by the edge 101 00:04:01,460 --> 00:04:03,500 and give it a good scrub. 102 00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:05,940 And it does abrade the metal, 103 00:04:05,940 --> 00:04:09,600 but it's so fine a scratch, 104 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:11,240 that you can soon 105 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:14,100 polish it back up with a polishing, 106 00:04:14,100 --> 00:04:17,360 which will look at a little bit later. 107 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,620 So once you've given it a good scrub, 108 00:04:20,620 --> 00:04:22,660 hold it by the edges 109 00:04:22,660 --> 00:04:23,880 because there's always 110 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:27,200 a bit of grease on your fingers. 111 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,680 And then if you run it on the tap, 112 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:32,620 then you can see that 113 00:04:32,620 --> 00:04:35,320 the water sticks to the surface now. 114 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:38,040 And that's so that's a good indication 115 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:40,360 that it's nice and grease free. 116 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:41,520 For this step. 117 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:43,460 We're going to we've prepared 118 00:04:43,460 --> 00:04:45,600 the metal for soldering. 119 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:49,380 We're going to set up the piece 120 00:04:49,380 --> 00:04:51,880 ready for soldering and 121 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:53,820 and then do the soldering. 122 00:04:53,820 --> 00:04:56,500 The first step is 123 00:04:56,500 --> 00:04:59,800 to make sure that the metal stays clean. 124 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:01,580 And when we were annelling 125 00:05:01,580 --> 00:05:04,540 in the last video, 126 00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:08,220 we were, we heated the metal up 127 00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:11,680 and it turned black, it oxidized. 128 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:12,840 And what we've got to 129 00:05:12,840 --> 00:05:15,760 do, we've got to stop that from happening 130 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:17,440 and how we do that 131 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:20,440 is we use a thing called a flux 132 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:22,020 and what a flux does 133 00:05:22,020 --> 00:05:24,260 is protect the area 134 00:05:24,260 --> 00:05:26,040 and the solder and 135 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:28,100 keeps the joint nice and clean. 136 00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:32,320 In jewelry we use a borax flux 137 00:05:32,340 --> 00:05:36,220 and in this case, this is a borax cone. 138 00:05:36,220 --> 00:05:39,600 And what it is at Borax is is a mineral 139 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:42,600 and it's used in 140 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,100 cleaning fluids and 141 00:05:45,100 --> 00:05:47,320 washing powders and things. 142 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:49,380 But in jewelry, the properties 143 00:05:49,380 --> 00:05:52,000 are as you heat it up. 144 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,160 What happens is the borax 145 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:56,700 creates like a glassy coating 146 00:05:56,700 --> 00:05:58,780 onto the surface of the metal, 147 00:05:58,780 --> 00:06:03,520 and that creates a barrier to the 148 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:04,680 atmosphere. 149 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:08,160 And the sort of oxygen in the flame. 150 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:11,780 So it stops the metal from oxidizing. 151 00:06:11,780 --> 00:06:14,280 It comes with a little dish 152 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:16,620 and we put a bit of water in 153 00:06:16,620 --> 00:06:22,800 and we rub it around and it creates like 154 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:24,160 a milky paste. 155 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:26,520 And it doesn't want to be too watery 156 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:31,720 or to sort of pasty just sort of creamy, 157 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:33,820 and that's ready to paint on the surface. 158 00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:35,940 So we've cleaned the metal 159 00:06:35,940 --> 00:06:39,720 and we've put the metal on a raised brick 160 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:40,860 so we can get the heat 161 00:06:40,860 --> 00:06:42,780 all the way around. 162 00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:45,040 So for a start, we 163 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:47,260 paint the borax onto 164 00:06:47,260 --> 00:06:48,940 the surface of the metal, 165 00:06:48,940 --> 00:06:51,100 and you can never have too much borax 166 00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:52,680 because once you've 167 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:54,020 completed the soldering 168 00:06:54,020 --> 00:06:55,380 it can go in the pickle 169 00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:57,200 and the borax will be dissolved 170 00:06:57,200 --> 00:06:59,060 away by the acid. 171 00:06:59,060 --> 00:07:01,840 And because this is a liquid, 172 00:07:01,840 --> 00:07:02,980 we don't have to worry 173 00:07:02,980 --> 00:07:05,760 about painting the edge here 174 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,400 in this particular joint. 175 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,080 We can just sit it into the 176 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:11,860 into the liquid flux. 177 00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:12,800 Other soldering 178 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:16,340 you may have to paint all the joints. 179 00:07:16,340 --> 00:07:18,080 So and then we're going 180 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:20,140 to use our little solder strip 181 00:07:20,140 --> 00:07:22,900 and we're going to use the hard solder. 182 00:07:22,900 --> 00:07:24,620 And what I've done is 183 00:07:24,620 --> 00:07:26,340 cut a little strip off 184 00:07:26,340 --> 00:07:27,720 and I've cleaned it 185 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:29,100 with the pumice pounder. 186 00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:30,820 So it's nice and grease 187 00:07:30,820 --> 00:07:33,960 free and dirt free as well. 188 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,460 And then we're going to cut the strip, 189 00:07:37,460 --> 00:07:38,560 which is a bit tricky, 190 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:40,420 but you can get pliers 191 00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:42,320 that do it for you. 192 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:43,540 But we're just cutting them 193 00:07:43,540 --> 00:07:45,360 with the shears 194 00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,660 and we cut like little fingers. 195 00:07:48,660 --> 00:07:51,380 Because it's a really good join 196 00:07:51,380 --> 00:07:52,720 we only need a very 197 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:54,700 small amount of solder 198 00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:57,900 and we just cut across 199 00:07:57,900 --> 00:07:59,360 the little fingers. 200 00:07:59,360 --> 00:08:01,820 So it just gives us 201 00:08:01,820 --> 00:08:03,280 some small pieces 202 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:05,720 called payliens as small pieces. 203 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,180 So, we've fluxed the metal 204 00:08:08,180 --> 00:08:10,620 and then with the brush 205 00:08:10,620 --> 00:08:14,040 that we used to paint the flux 206 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:16,500 on, it's a bit fiddly, 207 00:08:16,500 --> 00:08:19,000 but we'll pick them up. 208 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,080 So it's sort of scooping effect. 209 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:22,320 And by doing that, 210 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:24,180 then we're coating the little pieces 211 00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:30,360 of solder with the borax flux as well, 212 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:33,180 and we'll put those anywhere we like. 213 00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:35,200 I think one piece would be enough, 214 00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:37,080 but it would be embarrassing 215 00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:37,840 if it didn't work. 216 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:39,760 So we'll put two pieces on 217 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,420 and then we'll be able to see the solder 218 00:08:42,420 --> 00:08:45,360 run along the joint. 219 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:47,900 So we've fluxed the 220 00:08:47,900 --> 00:08:49,500 piece, we put it in position. 221 00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:51,180 We've got it all nice and settled. 222 00:08:51,180 --> 00:08:53,100 We're not forcing it 223 00:08:53,100 --> 00:08:55,160 together or anything. 224 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:56,380 If you start forcing 225 00:08:56,380 --> 00:08:57,880 the solder to join together, 226 00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:00,280 then it just makes it harder work. 227 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:01,180 So try and whatever 228 00:09:01,180 --> 00:09:03,280 join you're going to do, make it 229 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:05,700 so it so that wants to be joined. 230 00:09:05,700 --> 00:09:06,900 And so you don't 231 00:09:06,900 --> 00:09:08,940 have to force it together. 232 00:09:08,940 --> 00:09:12,420 I've got this is called a solder pick, 233 00:09:12,420 --> 00:09:14,340 and it's just titanium wire, 234 00:09:14,340 --> 00:09:15,500 with a pointed end, 235 00:09:15,500 --> 00:09:17,420 and it's great for moving 236 00:09:17,420 --> 00:09:18,960 little pieces of solder 237 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:20,900 as things are heated up. 238 00:09:20,900 --> 00:09:22,440 I've got our tweezers 239 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:25,140 if we need to pick anything up 240 00:09:25,140 --> 00:09:26,680 and these are called 241 00:09:26,680 --> 00:09:28,400 reverse action tweezers. 242 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:30,080 You squeeze them to let go 243 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:30,940 and they're great for just 244 00:09:30,940 --> 00:09:34,440 holding things quite gently. 245 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:35,340 But they're 246 00:09:35,340 --> 00:09:36,520 opposite to the tweezers, 247 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:37,960 so you squeeze those to let go 248 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:41,460 and you nip those. 249 00:09:41,460 --> 00:09:42,520 So they're ready 250 00:09:42,520 --> 00:09:45,280 and are solder pick we might need. 251 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:48,640 So just make sure everything's in place 252 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:52,480 and then we get a nice little flame. 253 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:54,420 And with the flame, 254 00:09:54,420 --> 00:09:57,780 it has a little blue sharp point 255 00:09:57,780 --> 00:09:59,220 with the flame, 256 00:09:59,220 --> 00:10:02,120 and the point of that flame 257 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:04,380 is the hottest bit. 258 00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:06,320 If you go to near, 259 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:08,640 it gets colder at the point 260 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:10,200 you can see that 261 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,520 solder heats up quite quickly. 262 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:15,620 But if you move towards, it cools down. 263 00:10:15,620 --> 00:10:17,560 So don't go too near 264 00:10:17,560 --> 00:10:19,100 with the flame, basically. 265 00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:21,040 So as we go along, 266 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:22,980 we'll keep the flame moving 267 00:10:22,980 --> 00:10:25,700 and you can see the water evaporates 268 00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:28,000 and it leaves a sort of 269 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:29,900 crystalline coating on the surface. 270 00:10:29,900 --> 00:10:32,540 So what we've got to do, it's 271 00:10:32,540 --> 00:10:35,180 very easy to heat up the wall. 272 00:10:35,180 --> 00:10:38,200 So we've got to keep the flame moving 273 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:40,460 so we can heat the background 274 00:10:40,460 --> 00:10:43,100 and the wall at the same time, 275 00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,120 they solder will run to the hottest bit. 276 00:10:46,140 --> 00:10:48,600 So if we have the wall too hot, 277 00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:50,740 then it would run up the wall. 278 00:10:50,740 --> 00:10:52,880 If they had the base too hot, 279 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:54,720 it would run along the base. 280 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:57,180 So we've got to get that happy medium. 281 00:10:57,180 --> 00:10:58,400 The solder has got 282 00:10:58,400 --> 00:10:59,940 to be touching both bits 283 00:10:59,940 --> 00:11:02,380 and as you see it gets to temperature, 284 00:11:02,380 --> 00:11:03,920 you can see their solder 285 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:05,440 running along the seam. 286 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:07,020 And if you can sort of 287 00:11:07,020 --> 00:11:08,960 draw it along as well, 288 00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:11,700 so you can see shimmering, 289 00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:13,680 perhaps in the light, 290 00:11:13,680 --> 00:11:16,700 once it's run all the way along the join, 291 00:11:16,700 --> 00:11:19,080 then just take the heat off 292 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:25,780 and it'll solidify. 293 00:11:25,780 --> 00:11:27,680 Once cooled down 294 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:30,440 a little bit, then just quench it 295 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:34,280 straight away in the water. 296 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:37,220 And we can see 297 00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:39,380 that the solders run 298 00:11:39,380 --> 00:11:42,840 all the way round on the insid 299 00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:43,580 because we've got 300 00:11:43,580 --> 00:11:45,600 the heat perfectly right 301 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:47,300 and you can see this 302 00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:49,100 sort of glassy coating, 303 00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:50,540 the borax has left 304 00:11:50,540 --> 00:11:52,640 and that's protected the metal. 305 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:56,060 And if we wanted to get rid of that, 306 00:11:56,060 --> 00:11:59,100 then we could put it into the pickle 307 00:11:59,100 --> 00:12:02,140 and the acid would eat into the pickle 308 00:12:02,140 --> 00:12:04,420 and clean all the metal up. 309 00:12:04,420 --> 00:12:06,700 You can see the under side 310 00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:08,600 sort of oxidized a bit 311 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,240 and you see all this black oxidisation 312 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:12,780 and on the wall. 313 00:12:12,780 --> 00:12:15,380 But where we put the Borax, 314 00:12:15,380 --> 00:12:17,640 it's kept the metal nice and clean 315 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:19,800 and we can sort of bend this 316 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:21,460 and it's so strong that you know 317 00:12:21,460 --> 00:12:24,000 you could hammer it and bend it. 318 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:26,720 And it would all stay together 319 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:29,540 until it became work hardened 320 00:12:29,540 --> 00:12:32,900 and so that's nicely joined together.